WEE DICTIONARY
French to English
| METRIC UNITS |
| cl (centilitre = 0.01 litre) |
| hl (hectolitre = 100 litres) |
| l (litre = 0.22 UK gallons = 0.2642 US gallons) |
| ha (hectare = 10 000 square metres = 2.47 acres) |
| THE FOLLOWING CONVENTIONS ARE USED: |
| ‘-‘ to indicate a repetition of the previous word/s. E.g. ‘bunch of grapes, cluster – -‘ should be read as: ‘bunch of grapes, cluster of grapes’; |
| ‘[]’ to mark an abbreviation or explanation, as in ‘hectolitre [22 UK gallons ; 26.4 US gallons]’; |
| ‘()’ to suggest that a word can be omitted, as in ‘accord (commercial) = trade (agreement)’, which means both that ‘accord commercial = trade agreement’ and that ‘accord = agreement’. |
| FRANÇAIS | ENGLISH | ||
| Association européenne de libre-échange | AELE | EFTA | European Free Trade Agreement |
| Association Internationale des Juristes pour le Droit de la Vigne et du Vin | AIDV | International Wine Law Association | |
| Association de libre-échange nord-américaine | ALENA | NAFTA | North American Free Trade Agreement |
| Apellation d’origine contrôlée | AOC | (controlled) appellation of origin | |
| coût, assurance et fret | CAF | CIF | Cost, Insurance and Freight |
| Centre français du commerce extérieur | CFCE | French external trade (export) centre | |
| Compagnie française d’assurance pour le commerce extérieur | COFACE | French export insurance company | |
| Droits de la propriété intellectuelle commerciale | DPIC | TRIPS | Trade-related Intellectual Property Rights |
| Espace économique européen | EEE | EEA | European Economic Area |
| Organisation pour l’alimentation et l’agriculture | FAO | FAO | Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations |
| Fonds européen d’orientation et de garantie agricoles | FEOGA | EAGGF | European Agricultural Guidance and Guarantee Fund |
| hotels-restaurants-cafés | HORECA | on-(licence) trade | |
| Institut national des appellations d’origine | INAO | national appellations institute | |
| Institut national de la recherche agronomique | INRA | national agricultural research institute | |
| Institut national des statistiques et des études économiques | INSEE | national statistics office | |
| Marché à terme d’instruments financiers | MATIF | French futures market | |
| Montants compensatoires monétaires | MCM | MCA | Monetary Compensatory Amounts |
| (clause de la) nation la plus favorisée | NPF | MFN | Monst Favoured Nation (clause) |
| Organisation de coopération et de développement économique | OCDE | OECD | Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development |
| Office International de la vigne et du vin | OIV | International Wine Office (intergovernmental wine organisation) | |
| Organisaton mondiale du commerce | OMC | WTO | World Trade Organisation |
| Organisation mondiale de la proprété intellectuelle | OMPI | WIPO | World Intellectual Property Organisation |
| Office national interprofessionel des vins | ONIVINS | national interprofessional wine office | |
| Organisation des nations unies | ONU | UN | United Nations |
| Politique agricole commune | PAC | CAP | Common Agricultural Policy |
| produit intérieur brut | PIB | GDP | Gross Domestic Product |
| Taxe à la valeur ajoutée | TVA | VAT | Value added tax |
| Union européenne | UE | EU | European Union |
| Union économique Belgique-Luxembourg | UEBL | BLEU | Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union |
| Vin de consommation courante | VCC | ordinary wine | |
| Vin de pays | VdP | ordinary wine of superior quality | |
| Vins délimités de qualitié supérieure | VDQS | non-AOC quality wine | |
| Vin de qualité produits dans des régions détermindées | VQPRD | quality wine, wine produced in a specidifed regions (PSR) |
| FRANÇAIS | ENGLISH |
| accès au marché | market access |
| accès minimal | minimum access |
| accord ( – commercial) | agreement (trade – ) |
| Accord final du GATT | GATT’s Final Act |
| Accord général sur le commerce et les services | General Agreement on Trade and Services [GATS] |
| Accord général sur les tarifs douaniers et le commerce | General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade [GATT] |
| Accord sur les droits à la propriété intellectuelle [ADPI] | Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights [TRIPS] |
| achats centralisés | centralised purchasing |
| acquis communautaire | acquis [= existing EU legislation which must be taken up by new members] |
| additif | additive |
| affréteur | shipper |
| aide | aid, subvention, support |
| alcool éthylique | ethyl alcohol |
| alimentaire | food-related |
| anhydride sulfureux | sulphur dioxide |
| appellation (d’origine) | appellation, designation |
| appellation d’origine contrôlée [AOC] | AOC designation |
| approvisionnement (du marché) | supply |
| approvisionnement direct | direct sourcing |
| arbitrage | arbitrage or hedging [in finance], arbitration [in law] |
| arôme | flavour |
| arrachage (d’une vigne) | uprooting, pulling up (vines) |
| assemblage (de vins) | blending (of wines of same geographical origin) |
| Association de libre-échange nord-américaine [ALENA] | North-American Free Trade Association [NAFTA] |
| Association européenne de libre-échange [AELE] | European Free Trade Association [EFTA] |
| assurance contre les mauvaises créances | credit insurance |
| authentification | certification |
| autosuffisance | self-sufficiency |
| avantage comparatif | comparative advantage |
| barème de prix | price schedule |
| barrière aux échanges | trade barrier |
| barrière technique aux échanges | technical barrier to trade |
| barrières tarifaires et non tarifaires | tariff and non-tariff barriers |
| barrique | barrel, cask |
| blanc | white |
| boisson | drink, beverage |
| boisson (alcoolique, gazeuse) à base de vin | (wine) cooler |
| boisson à base de vin | wine-based drink, wine-based beverage |
| bordereau de livraison | delivery note |
| bordereau d’expédition | waybill, dispatch note |
| bouchage | corking |
| (alcool de) bouche | potable alcohol |
| (en) bouche | (on the) palate |
| bouchon | cork |
| Bourgogne | Burgundy |
| brique [container] | carton |
| bulletin d’analyse chimique | certificate of chemical analysis |
| bulletin de livraison | delivery note |
| bulletin d’expédition | waybill, dispatch note |
| caisse (de bouteilles) | case |
| calendrier tarifaire | tariff schedule |
| canal (d’importation, de distribution, de vente) | (import, distribution, retail) channel |
| cannette | can |
| capsule | cap, foil |
| capsule à vis | screw-top, screw-cap |
| caractéristiques du produit | product attributes, – characteristics |
| carton [matière] | cardboard [material] |
| carton (à bouteilles) | box, case |
| cave | winery |
| cave (domestique), cellier | cellar |
| cave coopérative | co-op winery |
| cep | vine |
| cépage | grape variety, vine variety |
| certificat d’origine | certificate of origin |
| chai | wine storage place (in a winery) |
| chaptalisation | sugaring |
| château | estate |
| chêne | oak |
| circuits d’importation et de distribution | import and distribution channels |
| clause de la nation la plus favorisée | Most-Favoured-Nation [MFN] clause |
| clos | vineyard enclosed by a wall |
| code tarifaire harmonisé | Harmonised System [HS] code |
| cognac | brandy |
| col | bottle [when referring to volumes of production or sales], bottleneck [originally] |
| comité de gestion | management committee |
| commerçant en vins | wine trader, negociant |
| commerce électronique | E-trade |
| commerce extérieur | external trade |
| commerce transfrontalier | border trade |
| compensatoire | countervailing |
| concours (de vins) | (wine) competition |
| concurrence | competition |
| concurrence honnête | level playing field |
| concurrentiel | competitive |
| conditionnement | packaging |
| confrérie | association, brotherhood [literally] |
| container, conteneur | (shipping) container |
| contrat à terme | forward contract, futures contract [quite different technically!] |
| contre étiquette | back-label |
| contrôle analytique | analytical check |
| contrôle de la qualité | quality control |
| coopérative viticole | winegrowers’ co-operative (winery) |
| goût de bouchon | cork smell |
| corporation | corporate body |
| corps | body |
| côte, coteau | hillside |
| coupage | blending (of wines of different geographical origin) |
| cours | quotation |
| cours du marché | market price |
| courtier (en vins) | (wine) broker |
| coût | cost |
| coût, assurance et fret [CAF] | cost, insurance and freight [CIF] |
| coûts de transport et d’assurance | transport(ation) and insurance costs |
| (opération de) couverture | hedging |
| crédit à l’exportation | export credit |
| crédit documentaire | documentary credit |
| croissance (économique) | (economic) growth |
| cru [vin] | growth |
| cuve | tank, vat |
| cuve close | pressure tank |
| cuve inox(ydable) | stainless steel tank |
| débourbage | settling of solids |
| décision d’un panel (de l’OMC) | (WTO) panel ruling |
| dédouané | duty paid |
| dédouanement | customs clearance |
| (paiement au) degré-hl | (payment per) degree-hectolitre |
| départ cave | ex cellar, ex winery |
| dépenses à la consommation | consumer expenditure |
| déréglementation | deregulation |
| désignation (géographique) | (geographical) designation |
| destinataire | consignee |
| détaillant (en produits alimentaires) | (food) retailer |
| détaxer | take the duty off |
| dioxyde de carbone [CO2] | carbon dioxide [CO2] |
| disponibilités | availabilities |
| distillation de crise | crisis distillation, exceptional – |
| distillation de soutien | support distillation |
| distillation obligatoire | compulsory distillation |
| document d’accompagnement | accompanying document |
| domaine | estate |
| donnée(s) | data |
| dont | of which |
| douane | customs |
| droit | duty |
| droit d’assise | excise duty |
| droit de bouchon | corkage |
| droit de douane | customs duty |
| eau-de-vie | spirit |
| eau-de-vie de vin, cognac, fine | brandy |
| échange de données électronique | electronic data interchange (EDI) |
| échantillon | sample |
| échelle | scale |
| éclaircissage | crop thinning |
| économie d’échelle | economy of scale |
| écouler | sell, dispose of |
| effets positifs sur la santé | health benefits |
| effeuillage | leaf removal |
| égrappage | destemming |
| élaboration du vin | winemaking |
| élargissement | enlargement |
| élasticité de la demande | elasticity of demand |
| élevage | ageing, maturing |
| emballage [d’un produit commercial] | packaging |
| emballage [caisse, carton] | (packing-)case, (packing-)box |
| emballer [dans une caisse ou un carton] | pack (up) |
| emballer [dans du papier] | wrap (up) |
| embouteillage, mise en bouteilles | bottling |
| émergent | emerging |
| (à) emporter | (to) take away |
| en franchise de douane | duty free |
| (vente) en primeur | forward (sale) |
| encavage | taking up |
| encaver (la récolte de quelqu’un) | take up (one’s harvest) |
| encépagement | [a vineyard’s or region’s] grape variety/ies |
| (vente aux) enchères | auction (sale) |
| engagement | binding commitment |
| enlèvement (de marchandises) | collection, picking-up (of goods) |
| enrichissement | sugaring |
| entrepôt sous douane | bonded warehouse |
| envoi | shipment |
| équilibre (du marché) | (market) balance |
| équitable | fair |
| équivalent tarifaire | tariff equivalent |
| Espace économique européen [EEE] | European Economic Area [EEA] |
| essor | expansion |
| estimation | estimate |
| étagère (d’un magasin) | (shop’s) shelf |
| état | state |
| état du marché, situation – – | (market) situation |
| étiquette (dorsale) | (back) label |
| étiqueter | label |
| excédent | surplus |
| excédentaire | surplus (adj.) |
| exempt de … | free from … |
| exempt de droit | duty free |
| expéditeur | shipper |
| exploitation agricole | farm |
| exploitation viticole | winegrowing estate |
| exposition | exhibition, show |
| fabricant | manufacturer |
| facture(r) | invoice |
| facultatif | optional |
| fermage | vineyard rental |
| fermentation en cuve close | Charmat process |
| fermeture | closure (system) |
| feuillage | foliage |
| feuille (de vigne) | (vine’s) leaf |
| feuille d’expédition | bill of lading |
| filière | channels |
| financement | financing |
| fine | brandy |
| fiscalité | taxation |
| fixation du prix | pricing |
| flux | flow |
| foire au vin [dans les supermarchés] | wine fair [organised by supermarkets] |
| foire | fair, exhibition, show |
| fonds | fund |
| Fonds Européen d’Orientation et de Garantie Agricoles (FEOGA) | European Guidance and Guarantee Fund (EAGGF) |
| forfait | lump sum |
| formulaire | form |
| foulage | crushing |
| fourchette de prix | price band, – segment |
| frais d’exploitation | operating costs |
| frais fixes | fixed costs |
| franc de droit | duty free |
| franco camion, – wagon | free on truck, – on rail |
| franco de bord, – à bord [FOB] | Free on board [FOB] |
| franco domicile | carriage paid |
| franco douane | (customs) duties paid, delivered free as far as the border |
| franco gare | free on rail |
| franco quai, – le long du navire, – long du bord [FLB] | Free alongside ship [FAS] |
| fret | freight |
| fusion | merger |
| fût | barrel, cask |
| FRANÇAIS | ENGLISH |
| gaz carbonique [CO2] | carbon dioxide [CO2] |
| générique | generic |
| gérer | manage, run |
| gestion | management |
| goût | taste |
| greffage | grafting |
| grande distribution (alimentaire) | large food retailers |
| grappe de raisin | bunch of grapes , cluster – – |
| grossiste | wholesaler |
| habillage [d’une bouteille] | labelling, presentation [of a bottle] |
| harmonisation fiscale | tax harmonisation, harmonisation of excise duty and consumer tax rates |
| hectare [10 000 m2] [ha] | hectare [ = 2.47 acres] |
| hectolitre [100 litres] [hl] | hectolitre [ = 22 UK gallons ; 26.4 US gallons] |
| homonymes | homonymous names |
| Horeca [hotels-restaurants-cafés] | catering sector |
| importateur | importer |
| impôt | tax |
| indication géographique | geographical indication |
| indice des prix à la consommation | consumer price index [CPI] |
| interventionnisme | market intervention |
| libéralisation | liberalisation, deregulation |
| (zone de) libre-échange | free trade (area, zone) |
| libre circulation des marchandises | free movement of goods |
| licence d’importation | import license |
| liqueur | liqueur, liquor |
| litre [l] | litre, liter [US] [ = 0.22 UK gallons ; 0.2642 US gallons] |
| litre d’alcool pur [lap] | litres of pure alcohol [lpa] |
| livraison | delivery |
| main d’oeuvre | labour |
| maison de vin | wine company |
| marchand de vins | wine merchant, negociant |
| marchandises sous douane | bonded goods |
| marché | market |
| marché commun | common market |
| marché unique (de l’Union Européenne) | (European Union’s) single market |
| marge | margin |
| marge bénéficiaire | profit margin, mark-up |
| marque | brand |
| marque commerciale | trademark |
| masse critique | critical mass |
| matière première | commodity |
| mécanisation | mechanisation |
| mélange(r) | (to) blend |
| mesures sanitaires et phytosanitaires | sanitary and phytosanitary [SPS] measures |
| mévente | slump (in sales) |
| Midi | South of France |
| millésime | vintage, vintage year |
| mise en bouteilles | bottling |
| mise d’origine | bottling in the region of production |
| (vin) mis en bouteille à la propriété, — au domaine , — château | estate bottled (wine) |
| mission commerciale, représentation – | trade mission |
| modèle de consommation | consumption model |
| monopole | monopoly |
| monopole d’Etat | state monopoly, – trading |
| montant compensatoire | compensatory amount |
| montants compensatoires monétaires [MCM] | Monetary Compensatory Amounts [MCA] |
| (vin) mousseux | sparkling wine |
| moût (de raisin) | (grape) must |
| moût muté à l’alcool | must with fermentation arrested with the addition of alcohol |
| moyen | medium |
| (en) moyenne | (on) average |
| négociant éleveur | wine merchant who ages wines |
| négociant en vins | wine merchant, negociant |
| négociant propriétaire | wine merchant and vineyard owner |
| niveau (des prix) | (price) level |
| norme | standard |
| norme oenologique | winemaking standard |
| normes d’étiquetage | labelling requirements |
| nouveau | new |
| obligatoire | bound, compulsory |
| Office mondial de la propriété intellectuelle [OMPI] | World Intellectual Property Organisation [WIPO] |
| opérateurs internationaux | global operators |
| organisation commune du marché [OCM] du vin | (EU’s) common market organisation for wine |
| Organisation mondiale du commerce [OMC] | World Trade Organisation [WTO] |
| Organisation pour l’alimentation et l’agriculture [FAO] | Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations [FAO] |
| ouillage | ullage, topping up |
| paiement | payment |
| (on the) palate | (en) bouche |
| Pays d’Europe centrale et orientale [PECO] | Central & Eastern European [CEE] States |
| pays tiers | third country |
| perlant, pétillant | slightly sparkling |
| poids | weight |
| politique agricole commune [PAC] | common agricultural policy [CAP] |
| politique vitivinicole commune | common wine policy |
| port payé | carriage paid |
| portefeuille de marques | brand portfolio |
| porto | port |
| positionnement | positioning |
| (re)positionnement d’une marque | brand (re-)positioning |
| pousses | cuttings |
| pratiques oenologiques | oenological practices |
| préférence communautaire | EU preference |
| premier cru | first growth |
| prestations viniques | compulsory delivery of grape residuals [or of their alcohol equivalent] |
| prévision | forecast |
| prix à la production | producer price |
| prix coûtant, prix de revient | cost price |
| prix de déclenchement [UE] | activating price [EU] |
| prix de détail | retail price |
| prix de gros | wholesale price |
| prix de vente | selling price |
| prix d’orientation [UE] | guide price [EU] |
| producteur | grower, producer |
| produit de base | commodity |
| produit intérieur brut [PIB] | Gross Domestic Product [GDP] |
| prohibition | temperance |
| propriétaire encaveur | winegrower |
| propriété | estate [when talking about a vineyard], property |
| propriété intellectuelle (droits de la) | intellectual property (rights) |
| publicité | advertising |
| quota d’importation | import quota |
| quota tarifaire d’importation | tariff quota |
| rabais | discount, rebate, reduction |
| soutirage | racking |
| (grain de) raisin | grape |
| raisin de cuve | winegrape |
| raisin de table | table-grapes |
| raisin sec | raisin |
| rayon | shelf |
| récipient | container |
| récolte | harvest, crop |
| réduction | discount, rebate, reduction |
| régime de licence d’importation | import license licensing |
| régime d’importation | import regime |
| règle | rule |
| règlement | payment [commerce], regulation [law] |
| règlement des différends | dispute settlement |
| réglementation | regulation |
| réglementation (du marché), régulation (-) | (market) regulation |
| rembourser | repay, refund |
| remise | discount, rebate, reduction |
| rendement | yield |
| renonciation (à un droit) | waiver (of a right) |
| rente économique | economic rent |
| représailles | retaliation |
| résidu | residue |
| restitution à l’exportation | export refund |
| revenu | income, earning |
| risque (de change) | (exchange rate) risk |
| (vin) rosé | rosé (wine), blush wine [in the US] |
| (vin) rouge | red (wine) |
| saison/nier | season/al |
| salon, exposition vinicole | wine fair |
| santé | health |
| savoir-faire | know-how |
| se couvrir contre … | hedge against … |
| sec | dry |
| sécurité alimentaire | food security |
| segment de prix | price segment, price band |
| semi générique | semi-generic |
| siège (social) | registered office , head office |
| sol | soil |
| sondage (d’opinion) | poll, census, survey |
| soumission | tender |
| stockage | storage |
| subside à la production | domestic subsidy, – support |
| subside à l’exportation | export subsidy |
| substance contaminante | contaminant |
| subvention | subsidy |
| sucre | sugar |
| superficie, surface | acreage |
| sur le plan de … | regarding… |
| système de conduite (de la vigne) | (vine) training |
| tableau (de données) | table (of data) |
| tarif douanier | (customs) tariff |
| tarif douanier commun (de l’UE) | (EU’s) Common Customs Tariff [CCT] |
| tarif initial et final | base and bound tariffs |
| taux | rate |
| taux de change | exchange rate |
| taxe | duty, tax |
| taxe à la consommation | consumer tax, sales – |
| taxe à la valeur ajoutée [TVA] | value added tax [VAT] |
| taxe compensatoire | countervailing charge, – duty |
| tendance (lourde) | (long term) trend |
| teneur (en alcool), titre (-) | (alcoholic) strength, alcohol content |
| (vigne, vignoble en ) terrasse | terraced (vineyard) |
| (goût de) terroir | (taste of the) soil |
| tonneau | barrel, cask |
| tonnellerie | cooperage |
| relatif aux échanges | trade-related |
| traité | treaty |
| traité d’association | association agreement |
| transport | transport, carriage |
| Union Européenne [UE] | European Union [EU] |
| valeur | value, worth |
| valeur boursière | market capitalisation |
| vendange/s | grape harvest |
| vente | sale |
| vente directe | direct shipping |
| vermout, vermouth | vermouth |
| verre | glass |
| versement | payment |
| vigneron | vinegrower |
| vin à faible teneur alcoolique | low-strength wine, low-alcohol – |
| vin anglais | made wine |
| vin aromatisé | flavoured wine |
| vin biologique | organic wine |
| vin d’appellation d’origine contrôlée [AOC] | appellation wine, higher quality wine PSR |
| vin de base | base wine |
| vin de cépage, vin variétal (pl.: vins variétaux) | varietal wine |
| vin de cépage de qualité, vin variétal — | premium varietal |
| vin de consommation courante [VCC], — qualité courante | lower quality ordinary wine, — EU ‘table wine’ [ = +/- US ‘jug’ wine and Oz ‘commercial’ wine] |
| vin de garde | wine for ageing , – – laying down |
| vin de liqueur | liqueur wine |
| vin de pays (VDP) | higher quality ordinary wine, — EU ‘table wine’ |
| vin de qualité | quality wine, premium – |
| vin de qualité produit dans une région détermindée [VQPRD = VDQS + AOC] | quality wine produced in a specified regions [PSR] |
| vin de table [VDT = VCC + VDP] | ordinary wine, EU ‘table wine’ |
| vin délimité de qualité supérieure [VDQS] | non-AOC quality wine PSR |
| vin doux | sweet wine |
| vin du pays (not to be confused with ‘vin de pays’) | local wine |
| vin gazéifié | carbonated wine |
| vin générique de consommation courante | jug generic |
| vin générique de qualité | premium generic |
| vin muté , – doux naturel | fortified wine |
| vin ordinaire | ordinary -, non-premium wine, jug wine (US), commercial wine (Oz) |
| vin pétillant | pearl wine |
| vin rosé | rosé wine, blush wine [in the US] |
| vin tranquille | still wine |
| vinicole | related to winegrowing |
| vinification | winemaking |
| vins de pays (VdP) | ordinary wine other than VCC |
| vitivinicole | concerning grape and wine |
| viticole | viticultural |
| viticulteur | vintner, viticulturist |
| viticulture intégrée | organic, sustainable viticulture |
| vrac | bulk |
| Xérès | sherry |